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Document
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PO-2020
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File #
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PA-000413-1
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Institution/HIC
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Ministry of Consumer and Business Services
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Summary
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BACKGROUND:
The appellant and the primary affected party in this appeal are manufacturers of boilers and
major competitors in the Ontario market.
Until June 2001, the Operating Engineers Act (the OEA), administered by the (then) Ministry of
Consumer and Commercial Relations (MCCR), governed the operation of boilers in Ontario, and
required that those with a water content over a specified amount be supervised by an operating
engineer. The administration of the OEA was transferred in May 1997 from MCCR to the
Technical Standards and Safety Authority (the TSSA), which was set up as an entity independent
of MCCR (now the Ministry of Consumer and Business Services) (the Ministry). In June 2001,
the OEA was superseded by the Technical Standards and Safety Act, 2000 (TSS Act).
The appellant and the primary affected party submitted competing bids in 1997 for a contract to
install boilers in a named hospital. A condition of the tender was that the boilers have a water
content below the threshold requiring engineering supervision. The hospital awarded the
contract to the primary affected party. After the boilers were installed, the hospital alleged that
the water content of the boilers exceeded the threshold limits and commenced an action (the
litigation) in that regard against a number of parties including the primary affected party. The
primary affected party then brought third party claims against the TSSA and the Ministry. The
appellant was not involved in the litigation. In March 2000 the primary affected party and the
TSSA entered into a settlement agreement with respect to the litigation.
NATURE OF THE APPEAL:
This appeal arises from a request made by the appellant to the Ministry under the Freedom of
Information and Protection of Privacy Act (the Act) for records relating to the regulation of
boilers under the authority of the TSSA and MCCR, including records relating to the granting of
exemptions from the OEA, and records relating specifically to the primary affected party.
The Ministry identified 197 responsive records (consisting of 2,553 pages) and granted access to
one record (Record 87), a two-page letter written by the appellant. The Ministry advised that it
was withholding the balance of the records on the basis of the exemptions at sections 22
(information available to the public), 17 (third party commercial information), 13 (advice to
government) and 19 (solicitor-client privilege) of the Act. The appellant appealed the Ministry’s
decision.
During mediation, the Ministry disclosed to the appellant a number of records (Records 1-8, 51,
66-68, 70, 71, 106, 160, 180 and 182) for which it had claimed the exemption at section 22 for
“publicly available” information. Also during mediation, the appellant further narrowed the
scope of the appeal to include only four records, numbered 75, 80, 91 and 92. In addition, the
Ministry advised that it was relying only on the exemption at section 17 to withhold the four
records. The appellant later claimed that there is a compelling public interest in disclosure of the
records, pursuant to section 23 of the Act.
Also during mediation, the primary affected party became aware that the Ministry had disclosed
to the appellant a number of records relating to the litigation. The primary affected party then
wrote to the Ministry expressing its concern about the disclosure of these records, and asked the
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Ministry to provide it with an index of these records and to direct the appellant to return them to
the Ministry. The primary affected party subsequently filed an appeal (Appeal Number PA-
000370-1) with this office regarding the Ministry’s disclosure of records to the appellant.
This office sent a Notice of Inquiry setting out the issues in this appeal initially to the Ministry,
the primary affected party, a second affected party, and the TSSA. The Ministry, the primary
affected party and the TSSA provided representations. This office then sent to the appellant a
Notice of Inquiry together with the non-confidential portions of the representations of the
Ministry, the primary affected party and the TSSA. The appellant provided representations that
were then shared with the Ministry, the primary affected party and the TSSA, all of which sent in
reply representations.
In its representations, the appellant indicated that it is seeking access only to Records 75, 80, and
92.
RECORDS:
The three records remaining at issue are described below.
Record 75 consists of the minutes of a meeting held in May 1992 between representatives of
MCCR and the primary affected party.
Record 80 is a report, dated June 20, 1986, compiling the results of tests conducted on the
primary affected party’s boilers.
Record 92 is an agreement, dated March 1, 2000, between the primary affected party and the
TSSA to settle a third party claim arising from the litigation.
DISCUSSION:
CUSTODY OR CONTROL
Section 10(1) of the Act provides a right of access to a record “in the custody or under the
control” of an institution. The TSSA submits that the records are not “in the custody or under
the control” of the Ministry and that, therefore, the appellant does not have a right of access to
them. This office asked the TSSA and the Ministry to provide representations in response to a
series of questions regarding the “custody or control” issue under section 10(1). The TSSA was
also referred to pertinent authorities under each question, where appropriate. These questions
reflect a purposive approach to the “custody or control” question under section 10(1) (see Orders
MO-1237 and MO-1251 under the Act’s municipal counterpart).
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Specifically, the TSSA submits:
These Records belong to and are in the custody and control of the [TSSA]. While
copies of these Records are in the possession of [the Ministry], these Records are
not in the custody or control of the Ministry.
TSSA acquired custody and control of [Records 75 and 80] on May 5, 1997 when
the administration of the [OEA] and the Energy Act [the EA] were transferred
from [MCCR] to TSSA pursuant to the Safety and Consumer Statutes
Administration Act, 1996 and subject to the Administrative Agreement, dated
January 13, 1997, between Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Ontario as
represented by the Minister of Consumer and Commercial Relations and TSSA
(the “Administrative Agreement”).
Under Section 11(2) of the Administrative Agreement . . ., when TSSA took
custody of the records and information provided to it by the Minister of Consumer
and Commercial Relations on May 5, 1997, TSSA became the sole owner and
custodian of all such records and information and could use them for its legitimate
purposes in the administration of the [OEA] and the EA. [Records 75 and 80]
were part of the records and information that TSSA took custody of from the
Minister on May 5, 1997.
Record No. 92 was created in 2000. Under section 11(1) of the Administrative
Agreement . . . Record No. 92 is the property of TSSA.
TSSA is not an “institution” as such term is defined in the [Act]. It is not a
ministry of the Government of Ontario and it is not an “agency, board,
commission, corporation or other body designated as an institution in the
regulations” to the [Act]. Therefore TSSA is not bound by the [Act]. TSSA has
its own Access and Privacy Code . . . under which TSSA regards these Records as
confidential and not able to be disclosed to a member of the public.
The TSSA also submits:
• the records were created by the TSSA, not the Ministry;
• the TSSA intended to use the records “for the purposes of the TSSA and [the
primary affected party]”, and they were not created with the intention of giving
them to the Ministry;
• the records were voluntarily provided to the Ministry, and were not provided
pursuant to a statutory or employment requirement;
• no Ministry officer or employee is holding the records for the purposes of his or
her duties as an officer or employee;
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• the Ministry has no right to possess the records;
• the content of the records does not relate to the Ministry’s mandate and functions,
except to the extent that the Ministry’s mandate and functions have been
delegated to the TSSA;
• the Ministry has no right to regulate the use of the records;
• the records have not been relied upon by the Ministry, except perhaps for
background and technical information to enable the Ministry to prepare a defence
in litigation; and
• the Ministry has the authority to dispose of its copy of the records, but only the
TSSA has the authority to dispose of the original records.
Finally, the TSSA submits:
These Records were provided in confidence to the Ministry that they would be
used for the purpose of enabling the Ministry to prepare its defence or participate
in litigation as provided in Section 12(2) of the Administrative Agreement . . .
TSSA would not disclose these Records under its own Access and Privacy Code.
TSSA only released them to the Ministry with the expectation and the implicit
understanding that they would be used for the specific purposes spelled out in the
Administrative Agreement. Although TSSA gave possession of copies of the
Records to the Ministry to be used for a specific purpose, TSSA did not give up
custody and control of the Records to the Ministry, because they belong to TSSA.
The mere granting of possession of copies of the Records to the Ministry should
not be construed as the abrogation of TSSA’s ownership rights and custody and
control rights over the Records.
The primary affected party also takes the position that the records are not in the custody or under
the control of the Ministry, for reasons similar to those advanced by the TSSA.
The Ministry disagrees with the TSSA and the primary affected party, and submits:
The indicia of custody depend upon the facts of the particular case. The [three]
records are in the physical possession of the Ministry. The Ministry received
these records from a third party during the course of carrying out its mandate and
functions. The Ministry is responsible for the care and protection of these records
and responded to the request and participated in mediation with a view to carrying
out this duty.
In Order P-120 Commissioner Linden set out some criteria for determining
control and custody of records. Commissioner Linden concluded that physical
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possession of a record is the best evidence of custody, and only in rare cases could
it successfully be argued that an institution did not have custody of a record in its
actual possession. He also gave a liberal and broad interpretation of the words
“custody” and “control” so as to give effect to the important purposes of the Act.
The Ministry submits that the case at hand is not a rare case. It is a situation in
which an institution often finds itself in the course of its operations. The Ministry
has responsibility for the care and protection of records received from outside
entities. As stated above the Ministry has this responsibility for the records in
question and has acted accordingly. The possession of these records is therefore
not a matter of bare possession.
Institutions receive documents in the course of business from many “noninstitutions”
for many different reasons. Commissioner Wright stated in Order P-
239: “It is my opinion that to remove information originating from noninstitutions
from the jurisdiction of the Act would be to remove a significant
amount of information from the public right of access, and would be contrary to
the stated purposes and intent of the Act.”
In Order P-1105, the Inquiry Officer explains why the exclusion of such records
from the operation of the Act would be contrary to its purpose:
To state this proposition a bit differently, the Act will apply to
information in the custody or control of an institution
notwithstanding that it was created by a third party. I accept this
approach and adopt it for the purposes of these appeals.
There are innumerable individuals, organizations, agencies and
businesses that interact with government institutions on a daily
basis. During the course of these interactions, information about
these entities often comes into the possession of these institutions.
In drafting its freedom of information legislation, the government
determined that such information should be subject to the
provisions of the Act, unless the exemptions contained in the
statute applied. These exemptions are designed to not only protect
the interests of government institutions, but also those of third
parties (such as individuals, agencies and organizations) whose
information may come into the custody or control of an institution
as well. Based upon the scheme of the Act, therefore, a third party,
such as the Corporation, will have the opportunity to fully argue
that its interests will be harmed by the release of such information.
In conclusion, these records were in the custody of the Ministry and responsive to
the request. The Ministry denied access to the requester pursuant to section 17 of
the Act. The Ministry acted according to the scheme contemplated by the Act.
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In this case, it is clear that the Ministry has physical possession of the records. I agree with the
Ministry’s submission, based on Order P-120, that where the records are in the physical
possession of the institution, this is the “best evidence” of custody, and “only in rare cases could
it successfully be argued that an institution did not have custody of a record in its actual
possession.” I agree with the Ministry that this is not one of those rare cases.
I do not accept the TSSA’s submissions for a number of reasons. First, the TSSA relies on the
fact that it has possession of the “original” records, while the Ministry only has “copies”.
Section 10(1) of the Act provides a right of access to a “record”, and that term is defined, in part,
to mean “any record of information however recorded”. Thus, the Act does not distinguish
between “originals” and “copies”. Moreover, any such distinction would be highly impractical,
and contrary to the purpose and spirit of the Act, which suggests a broad and liberal approach to
the interpretation and application of “custody and control” [see Order MO-1251; Ontario
(Criminal Code Review Board) v. Ontario (Information and Privacy Commissioner), [1999] O.J.
No. 4072 (C.A.); and Canada Post Corp. v. Canada (Minister of Public Works) (1995), 30
Admin. L.R. (2d) 242 (Fed. C.A.)].
In addition, the TSSA submits that it created the records and that it “owns” them. While this
may be the case, these factors are not determinative of the “custody or control” issue. The Act
may apply to records in the custody or control of an institution, despite the fact that they were
created by or are “owned” by an outside party. This is a scenario the legislature envisioned when
it included the section 17 exemption in the statute, which may apply to information such as a
trade secret that was formulated by and belongs to a third party.
In my view, the Ministry acquired all of the records at issue in the normal course of discharging
its functions, in particular for the lawful and necessary purpose of preparing its defence and
participating in the litigation. On this basis, this is not one of the rare cases former
Commissioner Linden spoke of in Order P-120, and I conclude that the records are in the custody
of the Ministry within the meaning of section 10(1) of the Act.
THIRD PARTY INFORMATION
Introduction
Section 17(1) of the Act reads, in part:
A head shall refuse to disclose a record that reveals a trade secret or scientific,
technical, commercial, financial or labour relations information, supplied in
confidence implicitly or explicitly, where the disclosure could reasonably be
expected to,
(a) prejudice significantly the competitive position or interfere
significantly with the contractual or other negotiations of a
person, group of persons, or organization;
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(b) result in similar information no longer being supplied to the
institution where it is in the public interest that similar
information continue to be so supplied;
(c) result in undue loss or gain to any person, group, committee
or financial institution or agency;
For a record to qualify for exemption under any of these sections, the parties resisting disclosure
(in this case, the Ministry, the TSSA and the primary affected party) must satisfy each part of the
following three-part test:
1. the record must reveal information that is a trade secret or
scientific, technical, commercial, financial or labour relations
information; and
2. the information must have been supplied to the Ministry in
confidence, either implicitly or explicitly; and
3. the prospect of disclosure of the record must give rise to a
reasonable expectation that one of the harms specified in paragraph
(a), (b) or (c) will occur [Orders 36, P-373].
Part one: type of information
The Ministry, the primary affected party and the TSSA (I will sometimes refer to the primary
affected party and the TSSA collectively as “the affected parties”) submit that the records
contain technical information. Previous orders of this office have defined “technical
information” in section 17(1) as follows:
. . . The Concise Oxford Dictionary (8th ed.) defines “technical”, in part, as
follows:
of or involving or concerned with the mechanical arts and applied
sciences.
In my view, technical information is information belonging to an organized field
of knowledge which would fall under the general categories of applied sciences or
mechanical arts. Examples of these fields would include architecture, engineering
or electronics. While, admittedly, it is difficult to define technical information in
a precise fashion, it will usually involve information prepared by a professional in
the field and describe the construction, operation or maintenance of a structure,
process, equipment or thing. Finally, technical information must be given a
meaning separate from scientific information which also appears in section
17(1)(a) of the Act (see, for example, Order P-454).
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I adopt this definition for the purpose of this appeal. Record 75 centres on the technical
classification of the primary affected party’s boilers, including their operation and design.
Record 80 is a compilation of the results of tests conducted on these boilers. Record 92 is an
agreement to settle aspects of the litigation and includes information about boiler design and
classification. I am satisfied that all the information contained in Record 80 and portions of the
information in Records 75 and 92 meet the definition of technical information. The remaining
information, however, does not qualify as technical information.
The affected parties also submit that Records 75 and 92 contain commercial information, a term
which was defined in Order P-493 as “information that relates solely to the buying, selling or
exchange of merchandise or services”.
Record 75 contains information related to the primary affected party’s sales and its marketing
strategy, and Record 92 includes references to and information about its customers. I find that
portions of both records contain commercial information within the meaning of section 17(1).
However, I do not accept that Records 75 and 92, in their entirety, constitute commercial
information. While the records as a whole have some connection to the primary affected party’s
commercial activity, not all of the information is sufficiently related to “the buying, selling or
exchange of merchandise or services” to qualify as commercial information (see Order PO-
2010). In addition, I am not satisfied that the remaining information in these records contains or
reveals trade secrets or financial or labour relations information.
Therefore, the first part of the section 17(1) test has been met for all of Record 80, and for
portions of Records 75 and 92. The remaining portions do not qualify for exemption under
section 17(1) since they do not satisfy the first part of the three-part test.
Part two: supplied in confidence
Supplied
To meet the second part of the test, it must be established that the information in the records was
actually supplied to the Ministry, or that its disclosure would permit the drawing of accurate
inferences with respect to the information actually supplied to the Ministry (Orders P-203, P-
388, P-393).
Record 75 consists of minutes of a meeting held between representatives of MCCR and the
primary affected party. Although the record was not created by the primary affected party, I find
that some of the portions of the record that constitute technical or commercial information reveal
information that clearly on the face of the record was supplied by the primary affected party
during the course of the meeting.
Record 80 is a report prepared by the primary affected party for MCCR and provided to the
MCCR. Therefore, I am satisfied that all of the information in Record 80 was “supplied” to
MCCR by the primary affected party.
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[IPC Order PO-2020/June 5, 2002]
Record 92 is an agreement between the primary affected party and the TSSA to settle a third
party claim. Because the information in a contract is typically the product of a negotiation
process between two parties, the content of contracts involving an institution and an affected
party will not normally qualify as having been “supplied” for the purposes of section 17(1) of the
Act (see, for example, Orders P-36, P-204, P-251 and P-1105). However, in this case, the
agreement is between the primary affected party and a non-institution, the TSSA, and did not
directly involve the Ministry. In these circumstances, the orders of this office involving
contracts referred to above are not applicable, and I find that the technical and commercial
information in this record was supplied to the Ministry for the purpose of part two of the section
17(1) test (see Order MO-1450).
Therefore, all of Record 80, and the portions of Records 75 and 92 that met the first part of the
test, meet the “supplied” element of part two of the three-part test under section 17.
In confidence
Previous orders of this office have found that in order to determine that a record was supplied in
confidence, either explicitly or implicitly, it must be demonstrated that an expectation of
confidentiality existed and that it had a reasonable basis (Orders M-169 and P-1605).
The Ministry submits:
. . . the information [in Record 75] is technical in nature and supplied implicitly in
confidence. A review of the record reveals that the focus of the meeting was a
technical analysis of a significant component of the [primary affected] party’s
product. It is unlikely on the face of the document that the [primary affected] party
would have participated in the discussion if it knew that its comments would be
documented and disclosed to competitors. A reasonable person participating in the
discussion would have expected the minutes of the meeting to remain confidential.
[Record 80] consists of a technical and scientific report commissioned by the
[primary affected] party to review its product for MCCR. Based on the contents of
the report there is a strong inference of a reasonable expectation of confidentiality.
The [Ministry] therefore submits that the information was supplied implicitly in
confidence.
The TSSA submits:
The information [in Records 75, 80 and 92] was supplied to the Ministry by the
TSSA on a confidential basis during the course of litigation as part of settlement
negotiations and process in a third party action [that the primary affected party]
brought against the Ministry and TSSA.
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[IPC Order PO-2020/June 5, 2002]
. . . The TSSA supplied the Ministry with the Records implicitly in confidence so
that the Ministry could obtain the necessary background and technical information
to prepare its legal defence . . .
. . . This type of information is not normally available to members of the public
through TSSA either through its registration process or as a result of settlement of
lawsuits. Please see the attached excerpt from TSSA’s Access and Privacy Code
under which TSSA would treat this Record as confidential and not able to be
disclosed to members of the public.
. . . Section 12 from the Administrative Agreement dated January 13, 1997
between Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Ontario as represented by the
Ministry of Consumer and Commercial Relations and TSSA, provides that TSSA
will cooperate with the Ministry for the purpose of the Minister’s or the Crown’s
defence or other participation in litigation including providing documentation or
information or witnesses. Although this section does not specifically contain a
confidentiality obligation on the provision of information, it is submitted that one
is implied with respect to the supply of necessary information between the
Ministry and TSSA when litigation is involved.
The primary affected party submits:
. . . [Record 92] was entered into between the TSSA and [the primary affected
party] with a tacit understanding that both parties would treat the final terms of
the agreement as confidential . . . As in any negotiation, drafts of the agreement
would be exchanged with an implicit understanding of confidentiality. We
understand that . . . the TSSA provided a copy of [Record 92] to the Ministry on a
confidential basis for their information only. The TSSA has confirmed that it
considered [Record 92] to be confidential in nature. [Record 92] was not
disclosed to any of the other parties to the . . . litigation. Both [the primary
affected party] and the TSSA consider the terms of [Record 92] to contain highly
sensitive information, and thus it would not have been disclosed to the Ministry
with anything but an implicit or explicit understanding that it was confidential.
Records [75 and 80] were, in our view, provided to the Ministry as part of the . . .
litigation. We do not have direct knowledge of how the Ministry obtained the
documents, but it is likely the TSSA provided Records 75 and 80 to the Ministry
during the litigation . . . [Records 75 and 80] would have been provided with an
expectation of confidentiality . . .
Based on the representations of the Ministry, the TSSA and the primary affected party, and on
the nature of the records and the surrounding circumstances, I am satisfied that the technical and
commercial information in Records 75, 80 and 92 was supplied implicitly in confidence by the
primary affected party to the Ministry (Records 75 and 80) and by the primary affected party to
the TSSA and, in turn, the Ministry (Record 92).
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Part three: reasonable expectation of harm
Introduction
To discharge the burden of proof under the third part of the test, the parties resisting disclosure
must present evidence that is detailed and convincing, and must describe a set of facts and
circumstances that could lead to a reasonable expectation that one or more of the harms
described in section 17(1) would occur if the information was disclosed (Order P-373).
In Order PO-1747, I stated:
The words “could reasonably be expected to” appear in the preamble of section
14(1), as well as in several other exemptions under the Act dealing with a wide
variety of anticipated “harms”. In the case of most of these exemptions, in order
to establish that the particular harm in question “could reasonably be expected” to
result from disclosure of a record, the party with the burden of proof must provide
“detailed and convincing” evidence to establish a “reasonable expectation of
probable harm” [see Order P-373, two court decisions on judicial review of that
order in Ontario (Workers’ Compensation Board) v. Ontario (Assistant
Information and Privacy Commissioner) (1998), 41 O.R. (3d) 464 at 476 (C.A.),
reversing (1995), 23 O.R. (3d) 31 at 40 (Div. Ct.), and Ontario (Minister of
Labour) v. Big Canoe, [1999] O.J. No. 4560 (C.A.), affirming (June 2, 1998),
Toronto Doc. 28/98 (Div. Ct.)].
In my view, the Ministry, the affected parties must provide detailed and convincing evidence to
establish a “reasonable expectation of probable harm” as described in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c)
of section 17(1).
Section 17(1)(a): prejudice to competitive position/interference with negotiations
The primary affected party submits:
. . . [D]isclosure of [Record 92] would operate to prejudice [us] in a number of
different ways . . . [T]he disclosure of the customer information set out in [Record
92] would be expected to cause harm to [us] in the hands of a competitor.
Moreover, the disclosure of the testing regime agreed to between [ourselves] and
the TSSA, as set out in [Record 92], could be used by a competitor to create
apprehension among potential . . . customers . . .
. . . [T]he technical information contained in Records [75 and 80] is clearly
sensitive information relating to the design and operation of [our] boilers which
could be used by a competitor to [our] prejudice . . . Moreover, [MCCR]/TSSA
policy and advice set out in Record 75 constitutes information that is
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[IPC Order PO-2020/June 5, 2002]
commercially sensitive in the context of the coiled tube boiler marketplace, and
could be used by [our] competitor to [our] prejudice in a number of ways.
The Ministry submits:
[Record 75] indicates that the technical classification of the product would impact
on its competitiveness in the marketplace. The requester/appellant is a competitor
of the [primary affected party]. There is a strong inference that the possession of
such information by a competitor could be used to the advantage of the
competitor and to the prejudice of [the primary affected party]. Since the
technical classification would likely have an important effect on its position in the
marketplace there is a strong inference that the prejudice would be significant.
. . . . .
[Record 80] contains a detailed technical analysis of [the primary affected party’s]
product. There is a strong inference on the face of the document that disclosure of
this type of information to a competitor would cause significant prejudice to the
competitiveness of the [primary affected party’s] product . . .
The nature of the information [in Record 92] leads to a strong inference of
implied confidentiality . . . [D]isclosure of this type of information could
significantly prejudice the competitive position of [the primary affected party].
The TSSA submits:
The information contained in the Record could be used by a competitor of [the
primary affected party] regarding its boiler specifications and installation to
obtain a commercial advantage in the marketplace.
A competitor of [the primary affected party] could obtain information about [the
primary affected party] that it would not otherwise obtain which it may use to the
detriment of [the primary affected party] or any other entity who has installed a
[primary affected party] boiler.
The representations of the parties resisting disclosure are vague and well below the “detailed and
convincing” threshold. In similar circumstances, in Order PO-1745, I stated:
Notwithstanding my reluctance to find a reasonable expectation of the harm
alleged on the basis of the evidence before me, I am prepared to infer that such
harm could reasonably be expected to result based on my independent analysis of
the facts and circumstances. In this connection, I refer to the judgment of the
Federal Court, Trial Division in Canada (Information Commissioner) v. Canada
(Prime Minister), [1993] 1 F.C. 427 at 478-479:
While no general rules as to the sufficiency of evidence in a s. 14
[harm to federal-provincial affairs] case can be laid down, what the
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Court is looking for is support for the honestly held but perhaps
subjective opinions of the Government witnesses based on general
references to the record. Descriptions of possible harm, even in
substantial detail, are insufficient in themselves. At the least, there
must be a clear and direct linkage between the disclosure of
specific information and the harm alleged. The court must be
given an explanation of how or why the harm alleged would result
from disclosure of specific information. If it is self-evident as to
how and why harm would result from disclosure, little explanation
need be given. Where inferences must be drawn, or it is not clear,
more explanation would be required. The more specific and
substantiated the evidence, the stronger the case for confidentiality.
The more general the evidence, the more difficult it would be for a
court to be satisfied as to the linkage between disclosure of
particular documents and the harm alleged.
In short the failure of a party resisting disclosure to provide detailed and
convincing evidence will not necessarily defeat the claim for exemption where
harm can be inferred from other circumstances. …. However, in my view, it
would only be in exceptional circumstances that the determination of whether an
exemption applies would be made on the basis of anything other than the records
at issue and the evidence provided by such party in discharging its onus.
Here, based on the nature of the records at issue and the surrounding circumstances, I am
satisfied that disclosure of some of the technical and commercial information in Records 75 and
92, and all of the information in Record 80, could reasonably be expected to prejudice
significantly the competitive position of the primary affected person. This information reveals
detailed information about the technical aspects of the primary affected parties boilers, as well as
specific information concerning sales and marketing of the primary affected party’s products.
Clearly, this is information that a competitor would find useful in seeking a competitive
advantage over the primary affected party. However, the remaining technical and commercial
information in Records 75 and 92 does not satisfy the harms test, because the information is
generalized and widely known, or simply because it does not reveal any specific information
about the primary affected party’s products.
In conclusion, I find that all of Record 80, and portions of Records 75 and 92 meet the part three
“harms” test and, therefore, qualify for exemption under section 17(1) of the Act.
PUBLIC INTEREST IN DISCLOSURE
Background
A newspaper published articles in the 1980s referring to the primary affected party having paid
for a trip overseas for a former MCCR director and his wife, and discussing changes made to
boiler safety standards by MCCR that appeared to favour the primary affected party.
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[IPC Order PO-2020/June 5, 2002]
In 1999, the TSSA granted a variance allowing for reduced supervision requirements for the
primary affected party’s boilers that were the subject of the litigation. The appellant sought to
set aside the variance.
The OEA was repealed and replaced by the Technical Standards and Safety Act, 2000 (the TSS
Act). According to the primary affected party, the TSS Act eliminated the distinction between
classifications of boilers, which would mean that the primary affected party’s boilers would no
longer require the granting of a variance.
Introduction
Section 23 of the Act reads:
An exemption from disclosure of a record under sections 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21
and 21.1 does not apply where a compelling public interest in the disclosure of the
record clearly outweighs the purpose of the exemption [emphasis added].
If section 23 applies, it would have the effect of overriding the application of section 17, and the
appellant would have a right of access to the records at issue.
In order for section 23 to apply, two requirements must be established: there must be a
compelling public interest in disclosure, and this compelling public interest must clearly
outweigh the purpose of the exemption [Order P-1398, upheld on judicial review in Ontario
(Minister of Finance) v. Ontario (Information and Privacy Commissioner) (1999), 118, O.A.C.
108 (C.A.), leave to appeal refused (January 20, 2000), Doc. 27191 (S.C.C.)].
If a compelling public interest is established, it must then be balanced against the purpose of any
exemptions that have been found to apply, in this case, section 17(1). Section 23 recognizes that
each of the exemptions listed, while serving to protect valid interests, must yield on occasion to
the public interest in access to information that has been requested.
Compelling public interest
With respect to Records 75 and 80, the appellant submits that disclosure of these records:
. . . may provide valuable information as to whether the Ministry knew or should
have known that the [primary affected party’s] boilers did not comply with the
regulations. The public deserves to know if government regulators were
deliberately ignoring serious safety concerns respecting the [primary affected
party’s] boilers.
. . . . .
[Record 92] may constitute another variance decision or multiple variance
decisions. The public is entitled to notice of all variance decisions since they are,
as described above, subject to appeal.
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[IPC Order PO-2020/June 5, 2002]
. . . [T]he public interest is compelling in that it relates directly to a threat to
public safety and an apparent attempt to “cover up” possible negligent practices
by our public authorities.
The appellant also submits that the newspaper articles “disclose that there was considerable
controversy at that time about the propriety and the advisability of amendments to regulations
under the OEA which were allegedly demanded by [the primary affected party]”. The appellant
also included the last page of an eight-page report prepared by a consultant that “summarizes the
public safety concerns surrounding the [primary affected party’s] boilers which arose at [the
hospital] as a result of the variance granted by TSSA.” The report concludes that:
In my professional opinion, the safety considerations outlined above were not
sufficiently addressed in the granting of the variance. A more reasonable and
prudent approach would have been to require the continuous attendance of an
operating engineer, as set out in the legislation.
The Ministry submits that the appellant’s interest in the information is a “private interest”, and
further states:
. . . The appellant raises no credible evidence that the granting of the variance
was inappropriate.
. . . the appellant does not provide any evidence that the variance was granted to
accommodate [the primary affected party]. Aside from two newspaper articles
that are nearly two decades old, the truth of which has not been substantiated,
there is simply no current evidence that the granting of the variance was
inappropriate.
. . . . .
… the appellant has failed to substantiate that the release of the records is in fact
compelling. The records do not raise “a strong interest or attention” because there
is no general public interest in the matter. As discussed above, the interest is that
of a private litigant.
The TSSA submits that:
. . . there is no public interest in the disclosure of the records and the Appellant is
asserting a private commercial interest in the guise of public interest.
As evidenced by the . . . public media reports attached to the Appellant’s
representations on the issue of public interest in the disclosure of the record, the
issue of the regulatory change and [the primary affected party’s] plant in [a named
city] received a full public airing. It cannot possibly be in the public interest to
revisit this issue in 2002, some 13 years later, let along a compelling public
interest.
. . . . .
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[IPC Order PO-2020/June 5, 2002]
We readily admit that there is a public interest in the safety of boilers, just as there
is public interest in a clean and safe environment. Boiler safety should be the
concern of every person. We submit, however, there is no evidence of a
compelling public interest in the disclosure of the records in question.
There is no reported history or incidents involving the [primary affected party’s]
boilers, which are of such a specific concern for the Appellant. The variance that
was granted for [the primary affected party] was very site-specific and it was as a
result of a particular fact situation . . . We believe that the Appellant is seeking to
obtain the requested information to advance and use in an appeal on a very fact
specific variance decision.
. . . . .
It is important to note that there is no recorded incident of a safety problem with
[the primary affected party’s] boilers. No evidence that has been provided of
public safety issues other than the bold assertions of the Appellant.
The primary affected party submits that, as a result of the new classification of boilers under the
TSS Act, its product would no longer require a variance and this renders the appellant’s dispute
over the TSSA’s granting of the variance to the primary affected party no longer relevant. The
primary affected party submits:
. . . there never was any compelling public interest in disclosure of the records in
question. The “dispute” highlighted by [the appellant] was never motivated by
questions of safety, but rather was a result of efforts to keep a foreign competitor
out of the marketplace.
I am not persuaded in the circumstances that there exists a “compelling public interest” in
disclosure of the information at issue. First, substantial portions of Records 75 and 92 are not
exempt and will be disclosed, going some way towards shedding light on these issues. In
addition, in my view, the appellant’s interest in these records is essentially a private one.
Accordingly, I find that section 23 does not apply.
ORDER:
1. I uphold the Ministry’s decision to withhold Record 80 and portions of Records 75 and
92.
2. I order the Ministry to disclose those portions of Records 75 and 92 that are not
highlighted on the copy of the records provided to the Ministry with this order.
Disclosure is to be made by July 10, 2002, but not before July 4, 2002.
- 17 -
[IPC Order PO-2020/June 5, 2002]
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Legislation
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Signed by
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David Goodis
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Published
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Jun 05, 2002
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Type
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Order
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Judicial Review
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Affected Party's application abandoned December 22, 2003
Miura Boiler Co., Ltd. v. Ontario (Information and Privacy Commissioner), Tor. Doc. 489/02 (Div. Ct.)
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