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Document
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PO-2386-F
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File #
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PA-030211-1
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Institution/HIC
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Education Quality and Accountability Office
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Summary
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NATURE OF THE APPEAL:
This appeal arises from a request made to the Education Quality and Accountability Office (the
EQAO) under the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (the Act) for access to a
copy of the requester’s exam booklets from the October 2002 Ontario Secondary School (OSS)
Literacy Test (the Test). The requester is a secondary school student who had taken the Test in
October of 2002, and the record at issue is the Test completed by him. It consists of four
booklets containing questions and answers.
The EQAO responded to the request by denying access to the Test in its entirety, on the basis of
the exemption found in section 18(1)(h) of the Act (examination questions). The requester, now
the appellant, appealed the EQAO’s decision.
Following mediation, I conducted an inquiry into the appeal, and sought and received
representations from the parties. The issues raised in that inquiry included the possible impact a
previous order (Order PO-2179) had on the issues; the application of section 49(a) to the appeal,
and the possible application of section 23 (public interest override) to the records; as well as
whether the records fall within the section 18(1)(h) exemption.
Following the receipt of representations, I issued Interim Order PO-2366-I in which I addressed
a number of the issues. In particular, I reviewed the records at issue and determined that the
records contained the personal information of the appellant. I then reviewed the EQAO’s
reliance on section 18(1)(h) and section 49(a) to deny access to the records, and stated:
… I am satisfied that the records at issue contain questions to be used in an
examination or test for an educational purpose, and therefore qualify for
exemption under section 18(1)(h) and, consequently, section 49(a).
However, I then stated:
Having made this finding, however, it does not necessarily follow that the
exemption in section 18(1)(h) or section 49(a) should be relied on by the EQAO
in the circumstances of this appeal. Both of these exemptions are discretionary,
and I will review the EQAO’s exercise of its discretion in applying these
exemptions.
I went on to review the EQAO’s exercise of discretion and, after reviewing the relevant
considerations the EQAO ought to have taken into account, and all the circumstances, I found as
follows:
Upon my review of the representations of both parties, and of the circumstances
of this appeal, I find that the EQAO has failed to take into account a number of
relevant considerations in deciding to withhold the record under sections 18(1)(h)
and 49(a).
- 2 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27, 2005]
I then stated:
… I have decided to order the EQAO to re-exercise its discretion under sections
18(1)(h) and 49(a) of the Act, taking into account all of the relevant factors,
including those set out above.
I have decided to reserve my determination of the other issues raised in this
appeal, including the possible application of section 23, pending the EQAO’s reexercise
of its discretion.
Accordingly, I ordered the EQAO to re-exercise its discretion under sections 18(1)(h) and 49(a)
taking into account all relevant factors and circumstances, and using the principles set out in
Interim Order PO-2366-I as a guide. I also ordered the EQAO to provide me with
representations on the manner in which it exercised its discretion by a certain date, and identified
that I was deferring my final decision with respect to disclosure of the records pending my
review of the EQAO’s re-exercise of discretion. I also remained seized of this appeal in order to
deal with the exercise of discretion issue, and any other issues.
Further to the requirements of Interim Order PO-2366-I, the EQAO provided a response to the
requirement that it re-exercise its discretion. The EQAO’s response states that, with respect to
the information provided to secondary school students about the literacy tests they have
completed, it has implemented a number of changes to its procedures, some of which relate to
improvements to the provision of information to students for remediation and instructional
improvements. It identifies that one of the enhancements to this area is the release of “the
common questions that all students attempt”. The EQAO then states:
Common questions comprise approximately 80% of the test. The remainder of
the test questions (Booklet 4 in this case) are related to field testing and equating
and do not form any part of the student’s pass or fail mark. These questions could
be used at a future date.
These changes have implications for the Item Re-use Policy that was in place at
the time of this request, as well as for the release of questions and answers under
this appeal. …
The EQAO then identifies that it re-exercised its discretion, and states:
The EQAO has re-exercised its discretion under sections 18(1)(h) and 49(a) of the
Act and has decided to provide access to the appellant’s October 2002 Ontario
Secondary School Literacy Test (questions and answers contained in Booklets 1,
2 and 3).
- 3 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27, 2005]
The EQAO continues to reserve the right under section 18(1)(h) of the Act, not to
disclose those questions used for field testing purposes (Booklet 4), so that they
may be incorporated into future tests.
The EQAO attached to its representations a copy of the cover letter it sent to the appellant, in
which it stated that it is disclosing Booklets 1, 2 and 3 to him.
Upon receipt of the EQAO’s representations and the information relating to its re-exercise of
discretion, I sent a Notice of Inquiry, along with a copy of the EQAO’s representations, to the
appellant. I invited the appellant to provide representations on the EQAO’s re-exercise of
discretion in the circumstances of this appeal, and also on the issue of whether or not section 23
applies in the circumstances. The appellant provided representations in response.
The purpose of this order is to rule on the issue of whether or not the EQAO has appropriately
exercised its discretion, and also to review the issue of whether section 23 applies in the
circumstances.
DISCUSSION:
EXERCISE OF DISCRETION
Introduction
The section 18(1)(h) and 49(a) exemptions are discretionary, and permit the EQAO to disclose
information, despite the fact that it could be withheld. On appeal, this office may review the
EQAO’s decision to determine whether it exercised discretion and, if so, to determine whether it
erred in doing so. However, this office may not substitute its own discretion for that of the
institution [see section 54(2)]. This office may find that an institution erred in its exercise of
discretion where, for example:
• it does so in bad faith or for an improper purpose;
• it takes into account irrelevant considerations; or
• it fails to take into account relevant considerations.
In that event, this office may send the matter back to the institution for a re-exercise of discretion,
based on proper considerations [Order MO-1573].
Relevant considerations may include those listed below. However, not all those listed will
necessarily be relevant, and additional unlisted considerations may be relevant [Orders P-344,
MO-1573]:
- 4 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27, 2005]
• the purposes of the Act, including the principles that:
- information should be available to the public;
- individuals should have a right of access to their own personal
information;
- exemptions from the right of access should be limited and specific;
- the privacy of individuals should be protected
• the wording of the exemption and the interests it seeks to protect;
• whether the requester is seeking their own personal information;
• whether the requester has a sympathetic or compelling need to receive the
information;
• whether the requester is an individual or an organization;
• the relationship between the requester and any affected persons;
• whether disclosure will increase public confidence in the operation of the
institution;
• the nature of the information and the extent to which it is significant and/or
sensitive to the institution, the requester or any affected person;
• the age of the information; and
• the historic practice of the institution with respect to similar information.
In Interim Order PO-2366-I I also identified a number of additional factors that the EQAO
should consider when exercising its discretion under both section 18(1)(h) and section 49(a). I
stated:
With respect to the factors which the EQAO should have taken into account in
reviewing the exercise of its discretion under section 18(1)(h), in my view the
EQAO failed to take into account a number of factors, including:
• the number of individuals who have seen, studied and answered
the test questions. As identified by the appellant “the exam in
question was given to over 125,000 students so these questions
have had wide exposure. These questions are not a secret, the only
secret is if or when they will appear on future tests”;
• the impact on any student who fails to pass the Test and rectify the
situation in the future. As clearly set out by the EQAO in the
Report provided to students who fail, the student will be required
to retake the Test in order to meet the requirements of the Ontario
Secondary School Diploma;
• whether disclosure will increase public confidence in the operation
of the institution; and
• the nature of the information and the extent to which it is
significant and/or sensitive to the institution, the requester or any
affected person.
- 5 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27, 2005]
In addition, it is my view that in exercising of its discretion under section 49(a),
the EQAO failed to take into account a number of factors, including:
• one of the primary purposes of the Act, that individuals should
have a right of access to their own personal information;
• one of the stated purposes of the Test, to identify areas of
weakness for remediation purposes;
• the scarcity of “feedback” provided to the appellant in these
circumstances;
• whether the requester is seeking his or her own personal
information;
• whether the requester has a sympathetic or compelling need to
receive the information;
• whether the requester is an individual or an organization;
• the impact of failure to pass the Test and rectify the situation in the
future (inability to meet the requirements of the Ontario Secondary
School Diploma);
• the options that may be available in terms of providing limited or
restricted access to an individual’s own personal information (with
restrictions/undertakings). (It should be noted that, although the
EQAO refers briefly in its representations to the possibility of
allowing the appellant to inspect the records at the EQAO offices,
it submits that access in this manner should also be denied); and
• the interplay between the interests of an individual accessing their
own personal information, and the interests of the institution.
In addition to the above, one additional factor which, in my view, the EQAO
should take into account in deciding to exercise its discretion is the very nature of
the Test itself, and the position of the individuals who are most interested in
obtaining their own test results. Individuals requesting their own test results are
secondary students who are required to pass the literacy test in order to obtain
their Secondary School diploma, a very significant matter for most secondary
school students. The EQAO identifies for the students whether they have passed
or failed, but denies these students access to their own test. It is likely that the
students most interested in viewing their test results have failed the literacy test,
placing them in either an actual or a perceived vulnerable position in relation to
the EQAO, which administers the test. They may be in an actual position of
vulnerability, as they have failed the literacy test (suggesting that their literacy
skills require remediation), and pursuing access to information for remediation
purposes may be a daunting process for them. They may be in a perceived
position of vulnerability, as they are pursuing access to information from an
agency which ultimately determines whether they pass or fail the test.
- 6 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27, 2005]
Accordingly, in my view, the EQAO should take into account the fact that
significant rights and significant potential prejudice to individual students are at
stake, and that the EQAO and a student requester are in positions of relative
power and weakness respectively, in deciding whether to exercise its discretion to
withhold this information.
Finally, it strikes me that the EQAO is in a unique position as a decision-making
body in these circumstances. The EQAO administers the literacy test which all
secondary students in Ontario must take. This may be the first significant direct
exposure students have with the workings of an agency of the government of
Ontario. In my view, this provides the EQAO with a unique opportunity to model
the principles of openness, accountability, and the right of access to one’s own
personal information.
Representations
As set out above, the EQAO identifies that it has re-exercised its discretion in the circumstances
of this appeal. It states:
The EQAO has re-exercised its discretion under sections 18(1)(h) and 49(a) of the
Act and has decided to provide access to the appellant’s October 2002 Ontario
Secondary School Literacy Test (questions and answers contained in Booklets 1,
2 and 3).
The EQAO continues to reserve the right under section 18(1)(h) of the Act, not to
disclose those questions used for field testing purposes (Booklet 4), so that they
may be incorporated into future tests.
With respect to the difference between the first three Booklets and Booklet 4, the EQAO
explained the reason why it chose to disclose the first three booklets, but not the fourth, as
follows:
Common questions comprise approximately 80% of the test. The remainder of
the test questions (Booklet 4 in this case) are related to field testing and equating
and do not form any part of the student’s pass or fail mark. These questions
could be used at a future date. [emphasis added]
The appellant was given a copy of the EQAO’s representations, and in response provided
substantial representations regarding his concern that, notwithstanding the EQAO’s decision to
now disclose three of the four Booklets to him, the EQAO has not properly exercised its
discretion.
Firstly, the appellant is concerned that the EQAO does not specifically address all of the factors
identified in Interim Order PO-2366-I in its decision to re-exercise its discretion. By failing to
- 7 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27, 2005]
specifically address all the factors, the appellant takes the position that the EQAO has failed to
take into account relevant considerations, and has accordingly erred in exercising its discretion
with respect to Booklet 4.
The appellant also takes the position that the EQAO took into account irrelevant factors in
exercising its discretion. One particular factor the appellant refers to is the EQAO’s earlier
stated policy on their re-use protocol, and their decision to now amend the re-use protocol. The
appellant identifies a concern that this suggests that any protocols now in place could be adjusted
in the future. Finally, the appellant takes the position that the EQAO’s qualified statement about
whether it will use the questions in Booklet 4 on tests in the future renders this factor irrelevant,
and suggests that this factor should not be referenced.
Findings
I have carefully reviewed the representations of the parties on the exercise of discretion. I have
also considered the fact that the EQAO has re-exercised its discretion in the circumstances of this
appeal, and has decided to disclose Booklets 1, 2 and 3 to the appellant. Furthermore, as
identified by the EQAO, Booklets 1, 2 and 3 are the Booklets upon which the appellant’s mark
was based. The EQAO has now chosen to disclose those Booklets, in full, to the appellant. The
only Booklet the EQAO has exercised its discretion not to disclose is Booklet 4. Although this
Booklet contains test questions and the appellant’s answers to those questions, the EQAO has
stated that the test questions in this Booklet “are related to field testing and equating and do not
form any part of the student’s pass or fail mark.”
Based on the information provided by the EQAO, I am satisfied that it considered all of the
relevant factors in deciding to exercise its discretion not disclose Booklet 4. Implicit in its
decision to disclose Booklets 1, 2 and 3, which contain all of the information upon which the
appellant’s pass or fail mark is based, the EQAO necessarily considered a number of the factors
which I required it to consider in re-exercising its discretion. Many of those factors relate to the
need for students to be provided with meaningful feedback concerning their test result, their
ability to identify areas of weakness for remediation purposes, and particularly the significant
impact that passing or failing the test has on them. In my view, these factors were considered by
the EQAO in its decision to provide students with all information relating to their pass or fail
mark, and not with information that does not form any part of that mark.
I also do not accept the appellant’s position that the EQAO took into account irrelevant factors in
exercising its discretion.
With respect to the appellant’s concern that the EQAO is no longer following its earlier stated
policy on their re-use protocol, and that any protocols now in place could be adjusted in the
future, I am not satisfied that this makes their current protocol an irrelevant consideration. In my
view, the EQAO’s review of its assessment processes, and its decision to improve the provision
of information for remediation and instructional purposes by releasing common questions that all
students attempt (comprising approximately 80% of the Test, and all portions of the Test upon
- 8 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27, 2005]
which the student’s mark is based) is a significant factor to take into account. As I understand
the EQAO’s revised process, students are now provided with all of the questions and answers
which formed the basis of their mark on the Test. The only information not provided to the
student relates to field testing and equating, and is not the basis of the student’s mark. This
significant adjustment in the EQAO’s process is, in my view, a very relevant consideration,
which the EQAO clearly took into account in deciding to disclose Booklets 1, 2 and 3, and not to
disclose Booklet 4.
Finally, I do not accept the appellant’s position that the EQAO’s qualified statement about
whether it will use the questions in Booklet 4 on tests in the future renders this factor irrelevant.
In Interim Order PO-2366-I, I found that the questions and answers qualified for exemption
under section 18(1)(h), notwithstanding that not all of the questions would find their way into
future tests according to the EQAO’s re-use protocol (see page 10). I also confirmed the
importance of the integrity of the testing process as one of the purposes of applying section
18(1)(h). Accordingly, the EQAO’s intentions regarding the re-use of the questions in Booklet 4
is not an irrelevant factor.
Based on the above, I am satisfied that the EQAO exercised its discretion in deciding not to
disclose Booklet 4, and that it did not err in doing so by taking into account irrelevant
considerations or failing to take into account relevant considerations. Accordingly, I uphold the
EQAO’s decision to withhold Booklet 4.
PUBLIC INTEREST IN DISCLOSURE
In his earlier representations, the appellant took the position that there is a compelling public
interest in the disclosure of the records. By identifying the public interest in the disclosure of the
information, the appellant raised the possibility that section 23 of the Act applies to override the
applicable exemption. Section 23 states:
An exemption from disclosure of a record under sections 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21
and 21.1 does not apply where a compelling public interest in the disclosure of the
record clearly outweighs the purpose of the exemption.
The EQAO addressed this issue in its earlier representations and, as set out above, I reserved my
decision on the possible application of section 23, pending the EQAO’s re-exercise of its
discretion. The EQAO has now re-exercised its discretion and decided to disclose all of the
portions of the Test upon which the student’s pass or fail mark was based. Accordingly, it is not
necessary for me to review the possible application of section 23 to that information. The only
remaining issue is the possible application of section 23 to Booklet 4 of the Test, which contains
questions relating to field testing and equating and does not form part of the student’s pass or fail
mark.
In the earlier representations provided to this office, the appellant’s arguments on why there
exists a compelling public interest in the disclosure of the records focussed on his view that the
- 9 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27, 2005]
feedback provided to students was inadequate to allow for informed decisions to be made on
remediation. He also provided letters from others who had failed the Test supporting his
position. In his most recent representations, the appellant maintains that there exists a public
interest in the disclosure of Booklet 4 of the Test.
The appellant identifies that he requested his Test questions and answers because he wanted to
understand why he had failed the Test, and wanted to know what he needed to do in order to
remedy the situation in the future. He acknowledges that while his original interest was mostly
private in nature, through the process of trying to access the information, he became aware that
this matter had much broader implications than just a request to view his own records. The
appellant refers to the following statement made by former Assistant Commissioner Mitchinson
in Order MO-1564 regarding the “public interest override” provision:
Where a private interest in disclosure raises issues of more general application, a
public interest may be found to exist.
The appellant identifies that this applies to the circumstances of this appeal. He states that he is
not unique in his desire and need for adequate feedback for remediation purposes, and that the
decisions made in this appeal will impact many other students who have taken the literacy test in
the past or will take it in the future. In addition, he provides excerpts from other public
documents which call into question the sufficiency of the feedback provided to students who take
the test.
The appellant’s remaining representations on the “compelling” interest in the disclosure of the
information focus on his concerns that the EQAO, by re-exercising its discretion and now
disclosing the Booklets 1, 2 and 3, has changed its decision regarding the accessibility of this
information. Based on his experience in this appeal, he views the current decision of the EQAO
to disclose Booklets 1, 2 and 3 to him with suspicion. He states:
… the public interest in this instance will be served not so much by releasing [the
records at issue in this appeal], as by establishing [the appellant’s] right (and by
extension the right of other students) to access these personal records and by
demonstrating to the EQAO that it may not arbitrarily refuse individuals access to
their records.
…
It may be tempting, having read [the EQAO’s decision to re-exercise its discretion
and disclose Booklets 1, 2 and 3] to suppose that the EQAO is now intending to
alter its policy to allow students access to their exam paper.
It may seem that in view of this change, no future student will find themselves in
the position of having to appeal to the IPC for help in obtaining access to these
records.
- 10 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27, 2005]
The appellant then identifies that the EQAO’s policy with regard to the disclosure of the Test
questions and answers has changed, and may change again in the future. The appellant therefore
states:
The individual student’s right of access to their own personal information should
not depend solely on the goodwill of the EQAO or on the particular form of the
test the EQAO chooses to use in any given year.
Findings
For section 23 to apply, two requirements must be met. First, there must be a compelling public
interest in disclosure of the records. Second, this interest must clearly outweigh the purpose of
the exemption (see Order P-1398, upheld on judicial review in Ontario (Ministry of Finance) v.
Ontario (Information and Privacy Commissioner) (1999), 118 O.A.C. 108 (C.A.), leave to
appeal refused (January 20, 2000), Doc. 27191 (S.C.C.)). In Order P-1398, Senior Adjudicator
John Higgins made the following statements regarding the application of section 23:
An analysis of section 23 reveals two requirements which must be satisfied in
order for it to apply: (1) there must be a compelling public interest in disclosure,
and (2) this compelling public interest must clearly outweigh the purpose of the
exemption.
If a compelling public interest is established, it must then be balanced against the
purpose of any exemptions that have been found to apply. Section 23 recognizes
that each of the exemptions listed, while serving to protect valid interests, must
yield on occasion to the public interest in access to information that has been
requested. An important consideration in this balance is the extent to which
denying access to the information is consistent with the purpose of the exemption.
The existence of a compelling public interest is not sufficient to trigger disclosure under section
23. This interest must also clearly outweigh the purpose of the established exemption claim in
the specific circumstances.
As identified above and acknowledged by the appellant, the EQAO has now re-exercised its
discretion and decided to disclose all of the portions of the Test upon which the student’s pass or
fail mark was based. Accordingly, in this appeal the only information remaining at issue is
Booklet 4 of the Test, which contains questions relating to field testing and equating and does
not form part of the student’s pass or fail mark, and that is the only information for me to review
in terms of whether section 23 applies in this appeal.
The appellant’s actions in this appeal - particularly his pursuit of the information and detailed
representations notwithstanding that he has now obtained a pass mark in the Test - speak to his
determination in ensuring that students in general are provided with adequate feedback
concerning their literacy tests.
- 11 -
[IPC Order PO-2386-F/April 27,
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Legislation
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FIPPA
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18(1)(h)
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49(a)
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Section 23
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Subject Index
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Signed by
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Frank DeVries
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Published
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Apr 27, 2005
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Type
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Order – Final
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